Generating Contextual Variables From Web-Based Data for Health Research: Tutorial on Web Scraping, Text Mining, and Spatial Overlay Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Contextual variables that capture the characteristics of delimited geographic or jurisdictional areas are vital for health and social research. However, obtaining data sets with contextual-level data can be challenging in the absence of monitoring systems or public census data. OBJECTIVE: We describe and implement an 8-step method that combines web scraping, text mining, and spatial overlay analysis (WeTMS) to transform extensive text data from government websites into analyzable data sets containing contextual data for jurisdictional areas. METHODS: This tutorial describes the method and provides resources for its application by health and social researchers. We used this method to create data sets of health assets aimed at enhancing older adults' social connections (eg, activities and resources such as walking groups and senior clubs) across the 374 health jurisdictions in Catalonia from 2015 to 2022. These assets are registered on a web-based government platform by local stakeholders from various health and nonhealth organizations as part of a national public health program. Steps 1 to 3 involved defining the variables of interest, identifying data sources, and using Python to extract information from 50,000 websites linked to the platform. Steps 4 to 6 comprised preprocessing the scraped text, defining new variables to classify health assets based on social connection constructs, analyzing word frequencies in titles and descriptions of the assets, creating topic-specific dictionaries, implementing a rule-based classifier in R, and verifying the results. Steps 7 and 8 integrate the spatial overlay analysis to determine the geographic location of each asset. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the data sets to report the characteristics of the assets identified and the patterns of asset registrations across areas. RESULTS: We identified and extracted data from 17,305 websites describing health assets. The titles and descriptions of the activities and resources contained 12,560 and 7301 unique words, respectively. After applying our classifier and spatial analysis algorithm, we generated 2 data sets containing 9546 health assets (5022 activities and 4524 resources) with the potential to enhance social connections among older adults. Stakeholders from 318 health jurisdictions registered identified assets on the platform between July 2015 and December 2022. The agreement rate between the classification algorithm and verified data sets ranged from 62.02% to 99.47% across variables. Leisure and skill development activities were the most prevalent (1844/5022, 36.72%). Leisure and cultural associations, such as social clubs for older adults, were the most common resources (878/4524, 19.41%). Health asset registration varied across areas, ranging between 0 and 263 activities and 0 and 265 resources. CONCLUSIONS: The sequential use of WeTMS offers a robust method for generating data sets containing contextual-level variables from internet text data. This study can guide health and social researchers in efficiently generating ready-to-analyze data sets containing contextual variables.

[The role of the nurse in the field of public health]. / El rol de la enfermería en el ámbito de la salud pública.

OBJECTIVE: Identify the role of public health nurses and differentiate it from that of community care nurses in the context of Catalonia, through the experiences and perspectives of professionals in the field of public health. METHOD: Descriptive phenomenological qualitative study. Fourteen interviews were conducted with key informants, from the field of public health and community care, selected by i purposive sampling. Content analysis using thematic methodology, creation of categories from the triangulation of results. RESULTS: The professional competencies and functions performed by nursing in the field of public health are analysed. Most of the specific functions were the ones related to "care" and the "global vision" of health. The indeterminacy of functions and roles, related to gender inequality, leads to a low recognition of the profession and a lack of appropriateness of the professional category, reflected in a low presence of nurses in management positions in public health. Although some competencies are shared with the family and community nurse, there are also differences. CONCLUSIONS: This study sheds light on the role of public health nursing, often overlooked. It is urgent to define public health nurses role and functions, in order to avoid inequalities and increase their recognition.

Violence in the Nursing Workplace in the Context of Primary Health Care: A Qualitative Study.

Violence demands considerable attention due to its complexity and social consequences. The objective of this study was to analyze violence in the nursing professional workplace in the context of primary health care in Brazil. It is a qualitative study with theoretical and methodological reference to institutional analysis. It was carried out in basic health units in Brazil. Nursing professionals (N = 11) participated in semi-structured interviews and discussion groups, in addition to a research diary and participant observation. Data collection took place from October to December 2021. The results are presented in five categories: types of violence and aggressors from the perspective of nursing professionals; the causes of violence reported by professionals; strategies for the management of violence; professionals' proposals for preventing violence in health contexts; the consequences of violence in the workplace. Nursing professionals make up a large part of the workforce and have reported verbal, physical, moral, and psychological violence. The main causes are associated with user access to services. For the prevention of violence, professionals do not see themselves as protagonists of change. The consequences are the loss of quality of work and the health of professionals who requested sick leave and transfers. The study's findings can help in the development of public policies and educational and management actions.

The Work of Nurses in Primary Health Care: Crossings of the New Public Management.

The literature in the field of health management mentions a concept called new public management (NPM), introduced in Brazil and France at the end of the 20th century. The objective of the study was to analyze the repercussions of the work of nurses in primary health care in Brazil and France under the influence of NPM. This is an excerpt of a double-titled thesis, which is a research intervention with nurses from two Brazilian states and five French departments. Data were produced between February 2019 and July 2021. The public policy Health on the Hour acted as an institutional transducer, provoking a reduction in access and producing effects on professional practices. In both countries, NPM amplified the predominance of technical and quantifiable acts, the focus on individual care, and the loss of autonomy. Nurses reported insurmountable situations, using the metaphor "Sophie's choice". The results showed that making dilemmatic decisions has been the daily routine of nurses, which has not resulted in debureaucratization and higher quality of care.

The turning point of COVID-19 severity is associated with a unique circulating neutrophil gene signature.

COVID-19 has a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations associated with the host immune response heterogeneity. Despite the advances in COVID-19 research, it is still crucial to seek a panel of molecular markers that enable accurate stratification of COVID-19 patients. Here, we performed a study that combined analysis of blood transcriptome, demographic data, clinical aspects and laboratory findings from 66 participants classified into different degrees of COVID-19 severity and healthy subjects. We identified a perturbation in blood-leukocyte transcriptional profile associated with COVID-19 aggravation, which was mainly related to processes that disfavoured lymphocyte activation and favoured neutrophil activation. This transcriptional profile stratified patients according to COVID-19 severity. Hence, it enabled identification of a turning point in transcriptional dynamics that distinguished disease outcomes and non-hospitalized from hospitalized moderate patients. Central genes of this unique neutrophil signature were S100A9, ANXA3, CEACAM6, VNN1, OLFM4, IL1R2, TCN1 and CD177. Our study indicates the molecular changes that are linked with the differing clinical aspects presented by humans when suffering from COVID-19, which involve neutrophil activation.

El rol de la enfermería en el ámbito de la salud pública / The role of the nurse in the field of public health

Objetivo: Conocer el rol de las enfermeras que trabajan en el campo de la salud pública y la diferencia respecto al rol de atención familiar y comunitaria en el contexto de Cataluña, a través de experiencias y perspectivas de profesionales del ámbito de la salud pública. Método: Estudio cualitativo fenomenológico descriptivo. Realización de 14 entrevistas a informantes clave del campo de la salud pública y del ámbito comunitario, seleccionadas mediante propositivo de máxima variación. Análisis de contenido mediante metodología temática y creación de categorías a partir de la triangulación de resultados. Resultados: Se analizan las competencias profesionales y las funciones que realiza la enfermería en el ámbito de la salud pública. La mayoría de las funciones propias se correspondieron con las funciones relacionadas en «el cuidado» y de los la «visión global» de salud. La indeterminación de las funciones y roles relacionada con la desigualdad de género conlleva un bajo reconocimiento de la profesión y una falta de adecuación de la categoría profesional, reflejados en una escasa presencia de la enfermería en posiciones de gestión en salud pública. Aunque se comparten competencias con la enfermería familiar y comunitaria, se encuentran también diferencias. Conclusiones: Este estudio ha permitido profundizar en el rol de la enfermería de salud pública, poco conocido. Se evidencia la necesidad de definir sus roles y funciones para evitar las desigualdades y aumentar su reconocimiento.(AU)

Objective: Identify the role of public health nurses and differentiate it from that of community care nurses in the context of Catalonia, through the experiences and perspectives of professionals in the field of public health. Method: Descriptive phenomenological qualitative study. Fourteen interviews were conducted with key informants, from the field of public health and community care, selected by i purposive sampling. Content analysis using thematic methodology, creation of categories from the triangulation of results. Results: The professional competencies and functions performed by nursing in the field of public health are analysed. Most of the specific functions were the ones related to “care” and the “global vision” of health. The indeterminacy of functions and roles, related to gender inequality, leads to a low recognition of the profession and a lack of appropriateness of the professional category, reflected in a low presence of nurses in management positions in public health. Although some competencies are shared with the family and community nurse, there are also differences. Conclusions: This study sheds light on the role of public health nursing, often overlooked. It is urgent to define public health nurses role and functions, in order to avoid inequalities and increase their recognition.(AU)

Acetylcholine, Fatty Acids, and Lipid Mediators Are Linked to COVID-19 Severity.

Lipid and cholinergic mediators are inflammatory regulators, but their role in the immunopathology of COVID-19 is still unclear. Here, we used human blood and tracheal aspirate (TA) to investigate whether acetylcholine (Ach), fatty acids (FAs), and their derived lipid mediators (LMs) are associated with COVID-19 severity. First, we analyzed the perturbation profile induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in the transcriptional profile of genes related to the ACh and FA/LM pathways. Blood and TA were used for metabolomic and lipidomic analyses and for quantification of leukocytes, cytokines, and ACh. Differential expression and coexpression gene network data revealed a unique transcriptional profile associated with ACh and FA/LM production, release, and cellular signaling. Transcriptomic data were corroborated by laboratory findings: SARS-CoV-2 infection increased plasma and TA levels of arachidonic acid, 5-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, 11-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,12E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, and ACh. TA samples also exhibited high levels of PGE2, thromboxane B2, 12-oxo-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, and 6-trans-leukotriene B4 Bioinformatics and experimental approaches demonstrated robust correlation between transcriptional profile in Ach and FA/LM pathways and parameters of severe COVID-19. As expected, the increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil counts, and cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-10, IL-1ß, and IL-8) correlated with worse clinical scores. Glucocorticoids protected severe and critical patients and correlated with reduced Ach levels in plasma and TA samples. We demonstrated that pulmonary and systemic hyperinflammation in severe COVID-19 are associated with high levels of Ach and FA/LM. Glucocorticoids favored the survival of patients with severe/critical disease, and this effect was associated with a reduction in ACh levels.

Matrix Metalloproteinases on Severe COVID-19 Lung Disease Pathogenesis: Cooperative Actions of MMP-8/MMP-2 Axis on Immune Response through HLA-G Shedding and Oxidative Stress.

Patients with COVID-19 predominantly have a respiratory tract infection and acute lung failure is the most severe complication. While the molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 immunopathology is still unknown, it is well established that lung infection is associated with hyper-inflammation and tissue damage. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contribute to tissue destruction in many pathological situations, and the activity of MMPs in the lung leads to the release of bioactive mediators with inflammatory properties. We sought to characterize a scenario in which MMPs could influence the lung pathogenesis of COVID-19. Although we observed high diversity of MMPs in lung tissue from COVID-19 patients by proteomics, we specified the expression and enzyme activity of MMP-2 in tracheal-aspirate fluid (TAF) samples from intubated COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. Moreover, the expression of MMP-8 was positively correlated with MMP-2 levels and possible shedding of the immunosuppression mediator sHLA-G and sTREM-1. Together, overexpression of the MMP-2/MMP-8 axis, in addition to neutrophil infiltration and products, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased lipid peroxidation that could promote intensive destruction of lung tissue in severe COVID-19. Thus, the inhibition of MMPs can be a novel target and promising treatment strategy in severe COVID-19.

Autoaplicação de insulina em adultos com diabetes mellitus no contexto domiciliar: revisão integrativa / Insulin self-application in adults with diabetes mellitus in the home context: integr ative review / Autouso de insulina en adultos con diabetes mellitus en el contexto domiciliario: revisión integrativa

Objetivo: sintetizar a produção científica sobre a técnica da autoaplicação de insulina em adultos com diabetes Mellitus no contexto domiciliar Método: revisão integrativa realizada entre dezembro de 2019 e janeiro de 2020, a partir da busca de publicações em periódicos indexados no PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, LILACS e BDENF utilizando-se os termos controlados diabetes Mellitus, self care, insulin, health education, disposable equipment, medical wastedisposal e self administration e seus correspondentes em português, combinados com o operador booleano AND. Foram incluídos artigos originais publicados entre 2009 e 2019, nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol e que responderam à questão norteadora: qual a produção científica sobre a técnica da autoaplicação de insulina em adultos com diabetes Mellitus no contexto domiciliar nos últimos 10 anos? Resultados: compuseram a amostra final oito artigos. Predominaram estudos realizados no Brasil, por enfermeiros no contexto da atenção primária à saúde. Em relação à técnica de autoaplicação de insulina, os resultados foram agrupados em quatro eixos: pré-aplicação, técnica de preparo da insulina, aplicação e pós-aplicação. Observaram-se ações inadequadas em todos os eixos tais como: transporte, armazenamento, autoaplicação, reutilização de agulhas e descarte incorreto. Tais inadequações podem resultar em procedimentos dolorosos, prejuízos no controle glicêmico e complicações para a saúde da pessoa com diabetes Mellitus. Conclusão: os resultados evidenciaram que a realidade da autoaplicação de insulina em adultos com diabetes Mellitus no domicílio pode ser modificada a partir da educação em saúde pelo enfermeiro, bem como colaborar para o planejamento das ações estratégicas para diminuir tais problemas.(AU)

Objective: to synthesize the scientific production on the technique of self-administration of insulin in adults with diabetes Mellitus in the home context. Method: integrative review carried out between December 2019 and January 2020, based on the search for publications in journals indexed in PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, LILACS and BDENF using the controlled terms diabetes Mellitus, self-care, insulin, health education, disposable equipment, medical waste disposal and self-administration and their corresponding words in Portuguese, combined with the Boolean operator AND. Original articles published between 2009 and 2019, in English, Portuguese and Spanish, were included, which answered the guiding question: what is the scientific production on the technique of self-administration of insulin in adults with diabetes Mellitus in the home context in the last 10 years? Results: the final sample comprised eight articles. Studies carried out in Brazil by nurses in the context of primary health care predominated. Regarding the insulin self-administration technique, the results were grouped into four axes: pre-administration, insulin preparation technique, administration, and post-administration. Inadequate actions were observed in all axes such as: transport, storage, self-application, reuse of needles and incorrect disposal. Such inadequacies can result in painful procedures, impaired glycemic control, and health complications for the person with diabetes Mellitus. Conclusion: the results showed that the reality of self-administration of insulin in adults with diabetes Mellitus at home can be modified based on health education by nurses, as well as collaborating in the planning of strategic actions to reduce such problems.(AU)

Objetivo: sintetizar la producción científica sobre la técnica de autoadministración de insulina en adultos con diabetes Mellitus en el contexto domiciliario. Método: revisión integradora realizada entre diciembre de 2019 y enero de 2020, a partir de la búsqueda de publicaciones en revistas indexadas en PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, LILACS y BDENF utilizando los términos controlados diabetes Mellitus, self care, insulin, health education, disposable equipment, medical wastedisposal y self administration y sus equivalentes en portugués, combinados con el operador booleano AND. Se incluyeron artículos originales publicados entre 2009 y 2019, en inglés, portugués y español, que respondieron a la pregunta orientadora: ¿cuál es la producción científica sobre la técnica de autoadministración de insulina en adultos con diabetes Mellitus en el contexto domiciliario en los últimos 10 años? Resultados: la muestra final estuvo formada por ocho artículos. Predominaron los estudios realizados en Brasil por enfermeros en el contexto de la atención primaria de salud. En cuanto a la técnica de auto aplicación de insulina, los resultados se agruparon en cuatro ejes: antes de la aplicación, técnica de preparación de insulina, aplicación y post aplicación. Se observaron acciones inadecuadas en todos los ejes, tales como: transporte, almacenamiento, auto aplicación, reutilización de agujas y disposición incorrecta. Tales deficiencias pueden resultar en procedimientos dolorosos, deterioro del control glucémico y complicaciones de salud para las personas con diabetes Mellitus. Conclusión: los resultados mostraron que la realidad de la insulina autoadministrada en adultos con diabetes Mellitus en el hogar puede modificarse a partir de la educación en salud brindada por enfermeros, además de ayudar a planificar acciones estratégicas para reducir dichos problemas.(AU)

Cenário simulado no ensino da visita domiciliar no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde / Escenario de simulación para enseñar a realizar visitas domiciliarias como parte de la atención primaria de salud / Simulated setting in home visit teaching in the scope of primary health care

RESUMO Objetivo: relatar a experiência do uso da simulação, junto a estudantes de Enfermagem do primeiro ano da graduação, para o desenvolvimento das habilidades necessárias para a visita domiciliar. Descrição da experiência: a simulação em questão foi desenvolvida seguindo três etapas: briefing, cena e debriefing. A estratégia foi realizada na casa simulada, um laboratório que recria as condições do ambiente domiciliar. Nesse espaço, o estudante vivencia a prática da visita domiciliar, antecipando possíveis dificuldades ou desafios. Os estudantes participaram ativamente da simulação. O debriefing oportunizou que os estudantes expressassem seus sentimentos diante do cenário, visualizassem a atuação e refletissem sobre aspectos positivos relacionados ao desenvolvimento da atividade. Além disso, proporcionou uma autorreflexão sobre tópicos que podem ser aprimorados. Considerações finais: a estratégia viabilizou uma atmosfera de ensino mais realística e aplicada, propiciando, aos estudantes, o desenvolv imento de habilidades de obser vação, comunicação e entrevista. A vivência simulada da primeira visita domiciliar pode instrumentalizar os estudantes para que eles identifiquem melhor as necessidades e potencialidades presentes nos indivíduos, nas famílias ou no domicílio, assim como façam uma melhor integração entre os conteúdos teóricos e práticos.

RESUMEN Objetivo: relatar la experiencia del uso de la simulación, con el propósito de desarrollar las habilidades necesarias para las visitas domiciliarias, con estudiantes de primer año de Enfermería. Descripción de la experiencia: la simulación en cuestión se desarrolló siguiendo tres pasos: briefing, escena y debriefing. La estrategia se llevó a cabo en la casa simulada, un laboratorio que recrea las condiciones del entorno doméstico, en el que el alumno experimenta la práctica de la visita al hogar, anticipando posibles dificultades o retos. Los estudiantes participaron activamente en la simulación. El debriefing dio a los alumnos la oportunidad de expresar sus sentimientos sobre el escenario, visualizar su actuación y permitió reflexionar sobre los aspectos positivos relacionados con el desarrollo de la actividad. Además, proporcionó una autorreflexión sobre los temas que se pueden mejorar. Consideraciones finales: la estrategia permitió un ambiente de enseñanza más realista y aplicado, proporcionando a los estudiantes el desarrollo de habilidades de observación, comunicación y entrevista. La experiencia simulada de la primera visita a domicilio puede permitir a los estudiantes identificar mejor las necesidades y el potencial presente en las personas, familias u hogares y una mejor integración de los contenidos teóricos y prácticos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to report the experience of simulation use in Nursing student attending the first year of the undergraduate course, for the development of the necessary skills to conduct home visits. Description of the experience: the simulation in question was developed following three stages: briefing, scene and debriefing. The strategy was conducted in a simulated house, a laboratory which recreated the home environment conditions. In this space, the students experience the Home Visit practice, anticipating possible difficulties or challenges. The students were active participants in the simulation. The debriefing allowed the students to express their feelings about the scenario, visualize performance and reflect on positive aspects related to development of the activity. In addition to that, it provided self-reflection on topics that can be improved. Final considerations: the strategy enabled a more realistic and applied teaching atmosphere, allowing the students to develop observation, communication and interview skills. The first Home Visit simulated experience can prepare the students to better identify the needs and potentialities present in individuals, families or in the home, as well as to better integrate the theoretical and practical contents.

Redes comunitarias: evaluación de la respuesta a la emergencia social durante la primera ola de la pandemia por COVID-19 en Cataluña / Community networks: evaluation of the response to the social emergency during the first wave of the COVID19 pandemic in Catalonia

Introducción: La pandemia ha provocado una crisis sanitaria, económica y social. En Cataluña, en la primera ola, la comunidad se organizó de forma ágil para dar respuesta a las necesidades emergentes. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar y caracterizar redes comunitarias existentes o emergentes en Cataluña con el fin de visibilizarlas y establecer sinergias.Métodos: Estudio transversal. Fase 1: identificación de iniciativas a través de cuestionario ad hoc enviado a población en general mediante internet y redes sociales. Fase 2: encuesta semiestructurada a redes identificadas para caracterizarlas y evaluar su grado de coordinación local. Análisis descriptivo.Resultados: Fase 1: 303 respuestas que identifican 100 iniciativas de 96 municipios catalanes. Un 74% fueron creadas en pandemia y atendían a múltiples problemáticas: soledad, salud mental, alimentación, preparación/reparto de elementos de protección de la salud. Dirigidas principalmente a personas mayores y con diversidad funcional. Un 43% eran iniciativas ciudadanas. Fase 2: participan 32 redes (tasa de respuesta: 32%), un 60% se coordinaban con servicios sociales y consejos municipales. Dificultaba la coordinación: falta de recursos y elevada burocracia; la facilitaban: existencia de estructuras de coordinación previas a la pandemia. El 70% tenía voluntad de continuar ofreciendo servicios tras la pandemia.Discusión: Se recomienda el trabajo en red a nivel local de Atención Primaria y entidades municipales con las redes comunitarias, vinculando sus accionesa las existentes, con el fin de facilitar la implementación, continuidad y fortalecimiento de la salud comunitaria. (AU)

Background. The pandemic has caused a health, economic and social crisis. In Catalonia, during the first wave, the community organised itself to respond to emerging needs. The aim of the study was to identify and characterise existing or emerging community networks in Catalonia in order to make them visible and establish synergies.Methods. Cross-sectional study. Phase 1: Identification of initiatives through an ad hoc questionnaire sent to the general population via internet and social networks. Phase 2: Semi-structured survey of identified networks to characterise them and evaluate the degree of local coordination.Descriptive analyses were made.Results. Phase 1: 303 responses identifying 100 initiatives from 96 Catalan municipalities. 74% were created during the pandemic andaddressed multiple problems: loneliness, mental health, nutrition, creation/distribution of personal protective equipment. They were mainly aimed at the elderly and people with functional diversity. 43% were citizen initiatives. Phase 2: 32 networks participated (response rate: 32%), 60% were coordinated with social services and municipal councils. Coordination was hindered by lack of resources and high bureaucracy which was facilitated by the existence of coordination structures prior to the pandemic. 70% were willing to continue offering post-pandemic services. Discussion. It is important that Primary Care and municipal entities work together at local level with community networks, linking their actions to existing ones. This is in order to facilitate the implementation, continuity and strengthening of community health

Daily sitting time and its association with non-communicable diseases and multimorbidity in Catalonia.

BACKGROUND: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) account for 71% of deaths worldwide and individual behaviours such as sedentariness play an important role on their development and management. However, the detrimental effect of daily sitting on multiple NCDs has rarely been studied. This study sought (i) to investigate the association between sitting time and main NCDs and multimorbidity in the population of Catalonia and (ii) to explore the effect of physical activity as a modifier of the associations between sitting time and health outcomes. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from the 2016 National Health Survey of Catalonia were analyzed, and multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for socio-demographics and individual risk factors (tobacco and alcohol consumption, diet, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, body mass index) was used to estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the association between sitting time and NCDs. RESULTS: A total of 3320 people ≥15 years old were included in the study. Sitting more than 5 h/day was associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (OR 1.90, 95% CI: 1.21-2.97), respiratory disease (OR 1.61, 95% CI: 1.13-2.30) and multimorbidity (OR 2.80, 95% CI: 1.53-5.15). Sitting more than 3 h/day was also associated with a higher risk of multimorbidity (OR 2.26, 95% CI: 1.23-4.16). Physical activity did not modify the associations between sitting time and any of the outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Daily sitting time might be an independent risk factor for some NCDs, such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease and multimorbidity, independently of the level risk of physical inactivity.

Influência do ambiente virtual de aprendizagem no desempenho acadêmico de estudantes de enfermagem / Influencia del ambiente virtual de aprendizaje en el desempeño académico de estudiantes de enfermería / Influence of the virtual learning environment on the academic performance of nursing students

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a influência do ambiente virtual de aprendizagem no desempenho acadêmico de estudantes de enfermagem. Métodos Estudo quantitativo, retrospectivo, com dados secundários provenientes de 108 estudantes do primeiro ano da graduação em enfermagem, obtidos por meio de um ambiente virtual de aprendizado (e-Disciplinas). Os indicadores foram: número de acessos ao ambiente virtual, número de materiais acessados, número de tarefas obrigatórias realizadas, número de tentativas e de acertos no quiz e nota final na disciplina. Foram empreendidos o teste de Mann-Whitney e o teste de correlação de Spearman, utilizando software para análise estatística. Resultados Identificaram-se 92% de adesão ao quiz e correlação positiva entre o número de acertos e a nota final. Além disso, houve correlação positiva entre o número de acessos ao ambiente virtual, o número de acertos no quiz e a nota final da disciplina. A nota final também foi correlacionada com o número de materiais acessados e o número de tarefas obrigatórias realizadas. Conclusão A utilização do ambiente virtual como estratégia de apoio na disciplina apresentou impacto positivo no desempenho acadêmico dos alunos, sugerindo ser um facilitador para o fortalecimento da autonomia e do protagonismo do discente em seu desenvolvimento e em seu processo de ensino-aprendizagem.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la influencia del ambiente virtual de aprendizaje en el desempeño académico de estudiantes de enfermería. Métodos Estudio cuantitativo, retrospectivo, con datos secundarios originarios de 108 estudiantes del primer año del grado en enfermería, logrados por medio de un ambiente virtual de aprendizaje (e-Disciplinas). Los indicadores fueron: número de accesos al ambiente virtual, número de materiales a los que se accedió, número de tareas obligatorias realizadas, número de intentos y de aciertos en el quiz y en la calificación final en la asignatura. Se realizaron las pruebas de Mann-Whitney y la prueba de correlación de Spearman, utilizando software para el análisis estadístico. Resultados Se identificó el 92 % de adherencia al quiz y correlación positiva entre el número de aciertos y la calificación final. Además, hubo una correlación positiva entre el número de accesos al ambiente virtual, el número de aciertos en el quiz y la calificación final de la asignatura. La calificación final también se correlacionó con el número de materiales a los que se accedió y el número de tareas obligatorias realizadas. Conclusión La utilización del ambiente virtual como estrategia de apoyo en la asignatura mostró un impacto positivo en el desempeño académico de los alumnos, lo que sugiere que sea un facilitador para el fortalecimiento de la autonomía y del protagonismo del discente en su desarrollo y en su proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.

Abstract Objective To analyze the influence of the virtual learning environment on the academic performance of nursing students. Methods Quantitative, retrospective study, with secondary data from 108 first-year undergraduate nursing students, obtained through a virtual learning environment (e-Disciplinas). The indicators were: number of accesses to the virtual environment, number of materials accessed, number of mandatory tasks performed, number of attempts and correct answers in the quiz, and final grade in the course. The Mann-Whitney test and the Spearman correlation test were performed using software for statistical analysis. Results 92% adherence to the quiz and a positive correlation between the number of correct answers and the final grade were identified. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the number of accesses to the virtual environment, the number of correct answers in the quiz, and the final grade in the course. The final grade was also correlated with the number of materials accessed and the number of mandatory tasks performed. Conclusion The use of the virtual environment as a support strategy in the course had a positive impact on students' academic performance, suggesting that it facilitates the strengthening of the students' autonomy and protagonism in their development and their teaching-learning process.

Analyzers of Support Practices in Humanization and Permanent Health Education / Analisadores de Práticas de Apoio em Humanização e Educação Permanente em Saúde / Analizadores de Prácticas de Apoyo en Humanización y Educación en Salud Permanente

Abstract The National Policies of Humanization and Permanent Health Education (PHE) have shown advances and setbacks in their historical process. Some concepts from the theoretical framework of institutional analysis can contribute in these themes, such as the concept of analyzer. This article discusses the analyzers identified in an intervention research with professionals who work as supporters of humanization and/or articulators of PHE in municipalities of the state of São Paulo. The theoretical-methodological framework is the institutional analysis, socio-clinical line, focusing on the work of the analyzers. The intervention groups were composed of 30 participants. We highlight three analyzers: (1) the COVID-19 historical analyzer; (2) the time analyzer; (3) the silence analyzer. These analyzers evidence tensions such as: the peripheral place of primary care, discomfort in the face of "not knowing" and/or lethargy in the face of imposed non-doing, and the paradox of creating and interrupting both care actions and support for the teams.

Resumo As Políticas Nacionais de Humanização e Educação Permanente em Saúde têm mostrado em seu processo histórico avanços e retrocessos. Alguns conceitos do referencial teórico da análise institucional podem contribuir nesses temas, como o conceito de analisador. O objetivo do presente estudo foi discutir os analisadores identificados em uma pesquisa-intervenção, com profissionais que exercem a função de apoiadores de humanização e/ou de articuladores de educação permanente em saúde em municípios paulistas. O quadro teórico-metodológico é a análise institucional, linha sócio-clínica, sendo destacado, o trabalho dos analisadores. Participaram 30 pessoas dos grupos de intervenção. Destacamos três analisadores: (1) o analisador histórico Covid-19; (2) o analisador tempo; (3) o analisador silêncio. Esses analisadores iluminaram tensões como: o lugar periférico da atenção básica, o desconforto frente ao "não saber" e/ou a letargia ante o não-fazer imposto e o paradoxo de criar e interromper tanto ações de cuidado, como de suporte às equipes.

Resumen Las Políticas Nacionales de Humanización y Educación Permanente en Salud han mostrado avances y retrocesos en su proceso histórico. Algunos conceptos del marco teórico del análisis institucional pueden contribuir a estos temas, como el concepto de analizador. El objetivo de este artículo fue discutir los analizadores identificados en una investigación-intervención, con profesionales que actúan como apoyadores de la humanización y/o articuladores de la educación permanente en salud en municipios de São Paulo. El marco teórico-metodológico fue el del análisis institucional, línea socioclínica, destacándose el trabajo de los analizadores. Participaron 30 personas en los grupos de intervención. Se destacan tres analizadores: (1) el analizador histórico Covid-19; (2) el analizador de tiempo; (3) el analizador de silencio. Estos analizadores iluminan tensiones como: el lugar periférico de la atención primaria, el malestar ante el "no saber" y/o el letargo ante el no hacer impuesto y la paradoja de crear e interrumpir tanto las acciones asistenciales como de apoyo a los equipos.

Comunicação em saúde sobre COVID-19 e Diabetes Mellitus em mídias sociais: verdadeiro e falso / Comunicación de salud sobre COVID-19 y Diabetes Mellitus en las redes sociales: verdadero y falso / Health communication about COVID-19 and Diabetes Mellitus in social media: true and false

Resumo Objetivos Identificar em canais de veiculação midiática, os assuntos verdadeiros e falsos relacionados à COVID-19 e às pessoas com diabetes mellitus. Método Pesquisa documental realizada em postagens no Twitter e nos sites da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes e do Ministério da Saúde e submetidas à análise temática e discutidas à luz das evidências científicas sobre o tema. Resultados Das 110 postagens, 71 eram do Twitter, 31 do Ministério da Saúde e 8 da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes. As fake news correspondiam a 88 postagens; sete divulgavam informações sobre estudos não concluídos; seis eram notícias equivocadas; e nove verdadeiras. Os assuntos foram agrupados em alimentos e substâncias, condições de vida (socioeconômica e hábitos), medicações, COVID-19 e diabetes mellitus, gravidade e fatores de risco. Há excesso de desinformação com a finalidade de enganar e negar a realidade, dadas as disputas de saberes e poderes políticos, econômicos e ideológicos. Conclusão e implicações para a prática A maior parte das postagens eram fake news. Em sendo as mídias sociais um lugar para a fácil disseminação de informações verdadeiras ou falsas, os cientistas e profissionais de saúde precisam se aproximar das comunidades virtuais dessas mídias e usá-las como ferramentas aliadas da comunicação em saúde.

Resumen Objetivos Identificar cuestiones verdaderas y falsas relacionadas con el COVID-19 y personas con diabetes mellitus en los canales de comunicación. Método Investigación documental realizada en publicaciones en Twitter y en los sitios web de la Sociedad Brasileña de Diabetes y el Ministerio de Salud, sometida a análisis temático y discutida a la luz de la evidencia científica sobre el tema. Resultados De las 110 publicaciones, 71 fueron de Twitter, 31 del Ministerio de Salud y 8 de la Sociedad Brasileña de Diabetes. Las noticias falsas correspondieron a 88 publicaciones; siete revelaron información sobre estudios inconclusos; seis fueron noticias equivocadas; y nueve verdaderas. Los temas se agruparon en alimentos y sustancias, condiciones de vida (socioeconómicas y de hábitos), medicamentos, COVID-19 y diabetes mellitus, gravedad y factores de riesgo. Existe un exceso de desinformación con el propósito de engañar y negar la realidad, dadas las disputas sobre conocimientos y poderes políticos, económicos e ideológicos. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica La mayoría de las publicaciones eran noticias falsas. Dado que las redes sociales son un lugar para la fácil difusión de información verdadera o falsa, los científicos y los profesionales de la salud deben acercarse a las comunidades virtuales de estos medios y utilizarlos como herramientas aliadas para la comunicación en salud.

Abstract Objectives To identify true and false issues related to COVID-19 and to people with diabetes mellitus in media channels. Method A documentary research study carried out in posts on Twitter and on the websites of the Brazilian Society of Diabetes and Ministry of Health, submitted to thematic analysis and discussed in the light of the scientific evidence on the topic. Results Of the 110 posts, 71 were from Twitter, 31 by the Ministry of Health and 8 by the Brazilian Society of Diabetes. Fake news corresponded to 88 posts; seven disclosed information about unfinished studies; six were wrong news items; and nine were true. The topics were grouped into food products and substances, living conditions (socioeconomic and habits), medications, COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus, severity and risk factors. There is an excess of disinformation with the purpose of deceiving and denying reality, given the disputes over political, economic and ideological knowledge and powers. Conclusion and implications for the practice Most of the posts were fake news. As the social media are a place for the easy dissemination of true or false information, scientists and health professionals need to approach the virtual communities of these media and use them as allied tools for communication in health.

Construção e validação de cartilha para cuidados paliativos domiciliares após alta hospitalar / Elaboración y validación de cartilla para cuidados paliativos domiciliarios después del alta hospitalaria / Construction and validation of a booklet for home palliative care after hospital discharge

Resumo Objetivo Construir e validar cartilha educativa para cuidados paliativos domiciliares após a alta hospitalar. Métodos Estudo metodológico desenvolvido em três etapas: levantamento bibliográfico, construção da cartilha educativa e validação do material por especialistas em cuidados paliativos e cuidadores de pacientes. O processo de validação foi realizado por 8 especialistas e 12 representantes do público-alvo, selecionados por conveniência. Considerou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo mínimo de 0,80, para validação de conteúdo e concordância mínima de 75% para validação de aparência. Resultados A cartilha intitulada "Eu cuido, nós cuidamos - cuidados domiciliares a pacientes em cuidados paliativos" é composta por 28 páginas. Na validação de conteúdo pelos especialistas, o IVC global obtido foi 1,0 e a cartilha foi aprovada por unanimidade pelos representantes do público-alvo, com índice de concordância 1,0. Conclusão A cartilha educativa foi validada quanto ao conteúdo e aparência, podendo ser utilizada por cuidadores na realização de cuidados paliativos domiciliares e por enfermeiros para as orientações na alta hospitalar.

Resumen Objetivo Elaborar y validar cartilla educativa para cuidados paliativos domiciliarios después del alta hospitalaria. Métodos Estudio metodológico desarrollado en tres etapas: recopilación bibliográfica, elaboración de cartilla educativa y validación del material por especialistas en cuidados paliativos y cuidadores de pacientes. El proceso de validación fue realizado por ocho especialistas y 12 representantes del público destinatario, seleccionados por conveniencia. Se consideró el Índice de Validez de Contenido mínimo de 0,80 para la validación de contenido, y concordancia mínima de 75 % para validación de apariencia. Resultados La cartilla titulada "Yo cuido, nosotros cuidamos: cuidados domiciliarios a pacientes en cuidados paliativos" está compuesta por 28 páginas. En la validación de contenido por los especialistas, el IVC global obtenido fue 1,0 y la cartilla fue aprobada por unanimidad por los representantes del público destinatario, con un índice de concordancia de 1,0. Conclusión La cartilla educativa fue validada respecto al contenido y apariencia y puede ser utilizada por cuidadores en la realización de cuidados paliativos domiciliarios y por enfermeros para dar instrucciones en el alta hospitalaria.

Abstract Objective To construct and validate an educational booklet for home palliative care after hospital discharge. Methods This is a methodological study developed in three stages: bibliographic survey, booklet construction and material validation by palliative care experts and patient caregivers. The validation process was carried out by 8 experts and 12 target audience representatives, selected for convenience. The Minimum Content Validity Index of 0.80 was considered for content validation and minimum agreement of 75% for appearance validation. Results The booklet "Eu cuido, nós cuidamos - cuidados domiciliares a pacientes em cuidados paliativos" consists of 28 pages. In the content validation by experts, the global CVI obtained was 1.0 and the booklet was unanimously approved by the target audience representatives, with agreement index of 1.0. Conclusion The educational booklet was validated regarding content and appearance, and can be used by caregivers in the performance of home palliative care and by nurses for guidance at hospital discharge.

sTREM-1 Predicts Disease Severity and Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: Involvement of Peripheral Blood Leukocytes and MMP-8 Activity.

Uncontrolled inflammatory responses play a critical role in coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In this context, because the triggering-receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) is considered an intrinsic amplifier of inflammatory signals, this study investigated the role of soluble TREM-1 (sTREM-1) as a biomarker of the severity and mortality of COVID-19. Based on their clinical scores, we enrolled COVID-19 positive patients (n = 237) classified into mild, moderate, severe, and critical groups. Clinical data and patient characteristics were obtained from medical records, and their plasma inflammatory mediator profiles were evaluated with immunoassays. Plasma levels of sTREM-1 were significantly higher among patients with severe disease compared to all other groups. Additionally, levels of sTREM-1 showed a significant positive correlation with other inflammatory parameters, such as IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, and neutrophil counts, and a significant negative correlation was observed with lymphocyte counts. Most interestingly, sTREM-1 was found to be a strong predictive biomarker of the severity of COVID-19 and was related to the worst outcome and death. Systemic levels of sTREM-1 were significantly correlated with the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-8, which can release TREM-1 from the surface of peripheral blood cells. Our findings indicated that quantification of sTREM-1 could be used as a predictive tool for disease outcome, thus improving the timing of clinical and pharmacological interventions in patients with COVID-19.

Receiving spontaneous demand in Primary Care: nurses' learning needs.

OBJECTIVE: Identify nurse's learning needs to be related to the reception with risk classification of spontaneous demand in Primary Health Care. METHOD: Quality study including 15 nurses from Primary Health Care through participatory observation, application of semi-structured instrument, focus group, and of thematic content analysis. RESULTS: 80% of nurses never used the risk classification protocol in Primary Health Care. Knowledge gaps involving clinical aspects of care; protocol management, and the nurse's role; and the historic, structural and cultural contradictions of the care model were confirmed. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: The recognition of learning needs for nurses that work in Primary Health Care implies in the construction or improvement of knowledge in order to develop, along with the health team, a risk classification of spontaneous demand, which requires a change in the education and continuity of their qualification for work and at work.